Iowa Supreme Court strikes down Defense of Marriage Act (updated)

The Iowa Supreme Court has affirmed a lower-court ruling that struck down Iowa's 1998 Defense of Marriage Act. Various legal experts who watched the oral arguments in December expected the plaintiffs in Varnum v Brien to prevail, but it is still very welcome news for marriage equality supporters across the country.

Rallies celebrating the freedom to marry in Iowa will take place in many locations today. Go to the One Iowa website for event details. Many business owners will also be celebrating today, because the wedding and hospitality industries will benefit from a wave of same-sex marriages across the state.

State budget revenues will increase as well. Last year the Williams Institute at UCLA law school considered the economic impact of allowing same-sex couples to marry in Iowa and concluded:

Using the best data available, we estimate that allowing same-sex couples to marry will result in a net gain of approximately $5.3 million each year for the State. This net impact will be the result of savings in expenditures on state means-tested public benefit programs and an increase in state income and sales tax revenue.

The Republican Party of Iowa will surely be leading a charge to overturn the Supreme Court ruling, but Iowa is not California. It's a lot harder to get a constitutional amendment on the ballot here. An amendment banning gay marriage would need to be approved by two consecutive legislative sessions (the 2009/2010 session and the 2010/2011 session) before going to the public in a general-election referendum. So, the earliest Iowa voters would be able to weigh in on this issue would be in November 2011.

I heard on Iowa Public Radio this morning that legislative leaders say there is no time to consider an amendment on marriage this year. The legislative session is scheduled to end within a couple of weeks, and the "funnel" date by which bills had to clear a legislative committee passed nearly a month ago.

The 56-44 Democratic majority in the Iowa House may or may not be solid on this issue, but I believe that the 32-18 Democratic majority in the Iowa Senate will be enough to block any Proposition 8-style constitutional amendment during the 2010 session.

Even if Republicans made electoral gains on this issue and picked up seats in November 2010, they would have to get a constitutional amendment through the 2011-2012 legislature and the 2013-2014 legislature before the amendment could get on the ballot. That would mean Iowans could vote on same-sex marriage rights in November 2013. By that time I believe support for gay marriage will have grown substantially.

No doubt we will soon see new Iowa polls on the marriage equality issue. I'll be interested to see whether the coverage of the Varnum v. Brien case has moved public opinion since a Big Ten poll in October 2008 found that 28 percent of Iowans supported gay marriage, with another 30 percent in favor of same-sex civil unions.

In February I posted some links on making the case for marriage equality, which may be helpful if you have friends or relatives who are upset by the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling. An important point to stress is that this judgment relates to civil marriage. It does not require any clergy to officiate at same-sex marriages, or any church to recognize them.

Also, the Iowa Supreme Court can't force anyone to approve of gay marriages. As I wrote in December,

Most of us can think of marriages we don't approve of. Depending on your values, that could be 17-year-olds who dropped out of high school, a couple who are several decades apart in age, a professor marrying a former student, an impulsive remarriage after someone was widowed, an "open marriage" between non-monogamous heterosexuals, or a person who appears to have married a rich person for money. I know people who disapprove of my own marriage, because my husband is not Jewish. But no one would dispute that all of these marriages are valid under state law.

In an ideal world, I would want everyone to accept all loving couples and not be judgmental, but I think we need people to understand that they can still disapprove of gay marriage, even if it is legal. Widespread tolerance of gay relationships would be great, but it is not essential.

Please share your thoughts on the legal and political implications of today's ruling. My overwhelming feeling is that it's a great day to be an Iowan!

UPDATE: High traffic is interfering with the Iowa Supreme Court's server (Bleeding Heartland's too!), but the Iowa Politics site has created pdf files you can download if you want to read the Supreme Court's summary and/or the full text of the opinion.

SECOND UPDATE: After reading today's joint statement from Iowa Senate Majority Leader Mike Gronstal and Iowa House Speaker Pat Murphy, I am convinced that a constitutional amendment to overturn today's court ruling is going nowhere in 2010. I'm not the biggest fan of our legislative leadership, but they struck exactly the right tone today.

Tags: Gay Marriage, glbt, Iowa, Iowa Supreme Court, LGBT, Marriage Equality, One Iowa, same-sex marriage, Varnum v Brien (all tags)

Comments

38 Comments

CA + Conservative Outrage

My hope is that it will place some pressure on CA's S.Ct. to not screw with equal protection analysis in this country by openning the door to saying bare majorities can determine equality  under the law. Certainly, coming on the heels of efforts in Vermont, they must be feeling the historical heat. I believe if CA makes the wrong decision it will go down in history as bad jurisprudence.

I think the effectiveness of gay marriage as a wedge is waning. Some polls seem to endorse this view, but more importantly  my instincts about watching the furvor says to me that there is an expiration date on conservative outrage over these things.

by bruh3 2009-04-03 06:30AM | 0 recs
Re: CA + Conservative Outrage

You do realize that under California law, almost nothing changes if Gays are married there, except that they can say they got married? The Domestic Partnership Act of 1999 grants

Beneficary, Health or Life: Check
Visting Rights            : Check
Other Related Rights      : Check

The whole focus of the GLBT should be to NOT have judges legislating from the bench, or to get the Government into the game of validating lifestyles or defining marriage. Instead it should be to get the Govt. OUT of the business of defining marriage. This is not a civil rights issue (at least not in California). This is a civil liberties issue.

Marriage is an institution that exists purely because we live in a social matrix which accomodates all genders and orientations, Gays have been around since the dawn of time, and at least to my analysis they have been very important in constructing the social fabric of civilization.

That social matrix validates your pair bond. Its done in churches. The church should have sole authority over marriage.  Get the government out of the expensive business of defending each and every lawsuit or proposition that comes along. This issue has generated endless revenue for lawyers, FUD for political parties and in the end..

Isn't this really all about two people battling for their right to have a marital squabble?

Just as a strategic note, the best time to pursue this issue would probably be early next year as the economy is turning around. It worked that way in Spain.

And strictly for what its worth. I am married, happily so. 15 years.  

I watch Sam Kennison on youtube every now and then.  Helps me to keep perspective. ;-)
Good luck.

by Trey Rentz 2009-04-03 07:56AM | 0 recs
It's done in churches?

Tell that to each and every atheist couple who has gotten married, or any non-Christian couple who have different customs regarding marriage.

FWIW - Buddhist and Muslim couples have their marriage ceremony at home.  Free-spirited couples get married in apple orchards (My brother took me to his friends' marriage ceremony back in the mid-70s).

Marriage is a social construct, with legal and relgious aspects, and the institution has never been static.  At one time, marriage was considered a contract between two men, the bride's transfer of ownership from father to son-in-law.  Even up until recently, wives in this country has limited rights.

I see marriage as a legal construct as well as a religious and social construct, where an adult (actually two adults) legally changes his or her next-of-kinship.  Technically, my mother is my next-of-kin, and depending on what state my partner and I are in at the time, and no matter how many legal agreements me and my partner make to protect our actual relationship, she has the legal authority (as does my partner's mother has in his case) to make medical or legal decisions if I ever become incompetent.  

She would never do so, but there are more distant members of my family who might try to question the legitimacy of our relationship given the chance.

Legal marriage is needed in this country, because this is a nation of laws.  And it is wrong to deny a couple that legal recognition.

(and btw, don't bring polygamy into the argument, because I believe, so long as each member is a legal adult of the relationship has exact equal legal status with each other, polygamy should be recognized as well; regarding siblings getting married - they already have a next-of-kin relationship, and don't even dare to compare my partner with an animal by bringing bestiality into it.)

by Khun David 2009-04-03 10:04AM | 0 recs
Re: CA + Conservative Outrage

This idea that instead of taking on the tough-but-winnable fight to legalize gay marriage, we should instead be attempting the revolutionary goal of "getting government out of the marriage business altogether," seems to be very popular on the progressive blogs for some reason.  I think it is incredibly misguided.

Marriage is more than just two people making a private commitment to one another.  It is a legal arrangement that has serious ramifications in terms of property ownership, inheritance, childrearing and a whole mess of issues.

If two people decide they don't want to be married any more, who gets custody of the kids?  Government is out of the marriage business, so government certainly can't be making decisions like that.  Maybe Mom and Dad have to fight a duel over it or something.

We have laws to ensure that children are protected after a divorce, that they won't be left destitute with no one to provide for them.  We have laws to ensure that spouses aren't left in poverty following a divorce, after what might have been a lifetime of forgoing their personal advancement and wealth.  We have laws to ensure that spouses aren't disinherited, that they get their fair share of the marital property.  Do you really want to throw out all of these laws?

I can't imagine why anyone would want marriage to revert to the law of the jungle, to be nothing but a private contractual arrangement that can't even be enforced by the government.

by Steve M 2009-04-03 10:53AM | 0 recs
Re: CA + Conservative Outrage

I don't think that's what most people are suggesting.  I think they are suggesting that what is now called civil marriage be given the new name of civil unions (with all the same government role as previously), and marriage thus becomes relegated to a religious ceremony.

At the same time, I agree with you that that's a silly strategy.  Though it sounds logical in theory, society is far more likely to open the gates of marriage to gays than to basically disestablish millions of marriages across the country.

by markjay 2009-04-03 12:27PM | 0 recs
Re: CA + Conservative Outrage

The other problem with it is that it comes from the 'let's capitulate first" school of liberalism. To afraid to stand up for principles, it becomes about a) accepting conservative the false frames that marriage laws have anything to do with religion (actual civl marriage preceeds religious marriage rites in history) and b) accepting there is nothing we can do about it but given it because "that's just the way things are". This does more damage these days to actual action than what conservatives alone can ever do.

by bruh3 2009-04-03 01:21PM | 0 recs
Re: CA + Conservative Outrage

We are going to do whatever it takes to obtain our rights where you agree with it or not. You can either be on the wrong or right side of history.

by bruh3 2009-04-03 11:24AM | 0 recs
Re: Iowa Supreme Court strikes down Defense

Obligatory Field of Dreams Quote...

John Kinsella: Is this heaven?
Ray Kinsella: It's Iowa.
John Kinsella: Iowa? I could have sworn this was heaven.
[John starts to walk away]
Ray Kinsella: Is there a heaven?
John Kinsella: Oh yeah. It's the place where dreams come true.
[Ray looks around, seeing his wife playing with their daughter on the porch]
Ray Kinsella: Maybe this is heaven.

by LordMike 2009-04-03 06:41AM | 0 recs
Re: Iowa Supreme Court strikes down

What great news to wake up to!!  I was going to comment to you somewhere about Judith Warner's incredibly stupid NYT column today, but now we have much, much better news to talk about it!!

Thanks for the quick analysis of the constitutional revision process in Iowa.  I hadn't read that anywhere yet.

Iowa rocks!!!!!

by markjay 2009-04-03 07:01AM | 0 recs
Progress is made in small steps...

But, this is at least a medium one.

The clock continues to tick, those who oppose equality for all Americans are drifting further and further into the pages of history.

The battle is not over, but time is on our side.

This is a non-issue for the millenials.

I suspect, in the time frame between 5 and 15 years, when enough of them are in the voting ranks, and our chicken shit politicans do what they always do, cover their butts, we will see the blue states have all flipped and only the retrograde Red states Still outlaw equal rights for all Americans.

But, that is their legacy? Why would Mississipi and Alabama do anything to tarnish their rich history as the home of bigotry?

by WashStateBlue 2009-04-03 07:11AM | 0 recs
Re: Progress is made in small steps...

what about the equality to live? Unborn children?

I'm prochoice, but my point is your arguments in support of gay rights don't only apply to just your issue.

I hope fellow Democrats will reject this assault by judges.

At the worst, win the argument through the vote, and not through the courts.

by yellowdem1129 2009-04-03 07:25AM | 0 recs
Abortion is already defacto illegal in those same

Red states.

Abortion is a non-issue, it has already been decided, except for Religious fanatics who want to tell others how to live.

It's a personal choice, the government should not play a part.

The courts were 100% right in this case.

Oh, and, btw, it's the same stance for gay marriage.  If they don't swupport Gay Marriage, then don't get married if they are gay?

This "It is taking away my religious freedom" is complete nonsense.

My Religion (of which I am the only member) says Dick Cheney should be executed for War Crimes?

My ability to practice my religion is being STOPPED by the fact Dick Cheney is still walking around?

When will I get MY issue solved?

by WashStateBlue 2009-04-03 07:36AM | 0 recs
non viable fetuses

living in other people's bodies do not have rights.  PRegnant women have rights and all Americans who are born and separate human beings have equal rights.

by Teacher1956 2009-04-03 07:43AM | 0 recs
Re: Progress is made in small steps...

At the worst, win the argument through the vote, and not through the courts.

That's correct, because as we all learned in 9th grade civics, the court system is not an equal branch of government. It's not as if the founding fathers were afraid that a tyranny of the majority might lead the other two branches of government to pass laws based on prejudice and fear.

Oh wait, that's not what we learned? I guess I'll never understand why people make that argument when courts decide something they don't like...

by fsm 2009-04-03 08:05AM | 0 recs
Re: Progress is made in small steps...

I'm pro choice and I think roe v wade was a bad decision.

It was a political decision.

This is not me griping about courts because I didn't like the decision (I don't).

I believe in fair debate. Not judicial decree.

I'm against the death penalty.
Yet, when the Supreme Court outlawed it in the 1970's I think that was wrong.

I think it is wrong when they make up rules now about who  can/can't be executed.

They are legislating.

We have legislatures who are responsible to the people are so often to do that.

by yellowdem1129 2009-04-03 08:15AM | 0 recs
There are certain issues

that should not be legislated...like, people's rights.

by DTOzone 2009-04-03 08:27AM | 0 recs
Sometimes they need to be legislated

For example, laws that say that its illegal to trade employment for sex. In many countries, its understood that powerful men hire pretty young secretaries, and sex is a precondition of the job. In Russia they even have a code word in the job ads for it.

But here in the US, we have had the freedom to state that its illegal. Because we don't want women to be exploited, even if it means that there are fewer jobs available for young women.

The same thing applies to job safety. Some would say that its the workers "choice" whether they want to work in a toxic environment or for more than twelve hours a day. Why not, if in some other countries they do. They would like us to go back to the way things were in the past, the Lochner era, when such things were legally part of the employment contract, and considered to be free will.

If an employee "chose" a job that involved working in a toxic environment, in order to feed his family for a few years, even if it cost him his life, why deny him that right? Or so the increasingly powerful deregulationists say.

They are outraged that the government would step in, increasing costs to business.

Unfortunately, that seems to be the way we are going.

Are you happy with that?

by architek 2009-04-04 05:01AM | 0 recs
WTF does this have to do with people's rights?

by DTOzone 2009-04-04 02:34PM | 0 recs
Re: Progress is made in small steps...

The court addressed this argument quite directly.  I assume you've read the opinion since you're criticizing it, but I'll quote from it anyway:

As was observed by Justice Robert H. Jackson decades ago in reference to the United States Constitution, the very purpose of limiting the power of the elected branches of government by constitutional provisions like the Equal Protection Clause is "to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts." W. Va. State Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 638, 63 S. Ct. 1178, 1185, 87 L. Ed. 1628, 1638 (1943).

by Steve M 2009-04-03 08:35AM | 0 recs
Re: Progress is made in small steps...

I think you need to look up what a political decision is. A prime example of a political decision is Bush v Gore. While the cases that you listed defiantly have political ramifications they are squarely based in legal precedence. Whether you agree with the courts or not is really not the issue and for the most part the courts especially the Supreme Court does not hear cases of political question the notable exception being Bush v Gore.

Under your interpretation I have a hard time determining what you believe the courts have the right to hear.

by political22 2009-04-03 08:59AM | 0 recs
Re: Iowa Supreme Court strikes down Defense of Mar

http://natchgreyes.blogspot.com/2009/04/ what-gay-marriage-means-for-iowa.html - Commentary on 'What Gay Marriage Means for Iowa'

http://natchgreyes.blogspot.com/2009/04/ todays-score-gay-marriage-3-to-47.html - Another link to the Supreme Court Decision

And, finally, I'm glad we're making progress.

by Natch 2009-04-03 07:50AM | 0 recs
Not Clear On This
     In the fifth paragraph, you say that a Constitutional amendment has to be passed in consecutive legislative sessions, mentioning 2009-10, and 2010-11. Three paragraphs later you say that the Republicans, if they make gains, would have to pass it "in the 2011-2012 legislature and the 2013-2014 legislature".
     Not being from Iowa, I assume that a given legislature sits for a term of two years, which is divided into two annual sessions. Can a proposed Amendment be passed by two different sessions of the same legislature, or must it be passed by one session in each of two consecutive legislatures?
by Ron Thompson 2009-04-03 08:24AM | 0 recs
I sought clarification from One Iowa

It has to be passed by two different elected legislatures. So, if Democrats block this from happening in 2010, then gay marriage opponents would need to get an amendment through the 2011-2012 sessions AND the 2013-2014 sessions. Even if Republicans regained legislative control in the 2010 elections, they could NOT pass an amendment in 2011 and 2012 to get it on the 2012 ballot.

by desmoinesdem 2009-04-03 08:45AM | 0 recs
Re:great democracy, huh?

maybe we can use tactics to block overturning a law that was imposed by unelected judges.

Think about Heller gun control decision.

As a democrat, I think it was an outrage to overturn the will of D.C. voters.

But if Democrats support the idea of imperial judges, then the courts become nothing but politics.

by yellowdem1129 2009-04-03 08:47AM | 0 recs
Re:great democracy, huh?

Tell me, do you believe there are any Constitutional provisions at all that are judicially enforceable against the will of the majority?

by Steve M 2009-04-03 09:29AM | 0 recs
Re:great democracy, huh?

All constitutional principles are enforceable against the majority. Irrespective of the politics.  That is the point of having a constitution.

I whole-heartedly agree with that ideal.

The point is, this is an abstraction from the minds of judges.  They are being political.

They are taking an idea from today and elevating it to a constitutional principle.

Similar to the S.C. with the Heller gun case.  They are doing the same thing from the right.

Both cases happen to go against the majority.
D.C. voters want a ban on guns.

I don't believe in an individual right to carry a gun. And even if I did, it would be subject to very many restrictions so as to make it pretty much meaningless.

Both of these are cases where judges are taking the vote away from people.

I happen to disagree with both of them.

I support gun control.
I'm against gay rights.

But even with Roe v. Wade.

I support abortion rights, but think it should be in the political arena.  Again, even if I think that it would be unconstitutional to ban every single abortion, it certainly should not be up to judges to define the parameters.

by yellowdem1129 2009-04-03 11:54AM | 0 recs
So, ok

I suppose you also disagree with Loving vs. Virginia since that also went against the will of a majority, right?

by DTOzone 2009-04-03 01:48PM | 0 recs
Re:great democracy, huh?

I'd be curious do hear what Yellowdem has to say about the historic court cases defending equal rights against the will of the majority.  I have a feeling he defends at least some of those decisions.

I personally don't consider gays as any less worthy of defense against the tyranny of the majority than ethnic or racial minorities.

by markjay 2009-04-03 12:30PM | 0 recs
Re:great democracy, huh?

Your understanding of our system of governance is both sad and scary. Sad because there  are  quite a few people who like yourself do not understand the system in which you were born. What you describe is not western democracy. It's what you might find in an Islamic style democracy. Majority rules. In a western style democracy there are things you can and can not do. As Steve M writes, there is no limit under your definition to what the majority can do. That is not the American system. It never has been. You are not even arguing a conservative position right now except in the label sense that it's what idiot modern conservatives spout.

by bruh3 2009-04-03 11:31AM | 0 recs
Re: Iowa Supreme Court strikes down

Some people seem surprised that such a landmark decision would emanate from Iowa, of all places.  As the court notes, there's no reason to be surprised:

In the first reported case of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Iowa, In re Ralph, 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839), we refused to treat a human being as property to enforce a contract for slavery and held our laws must extend equal protection to persons of all races and conditions. 1 Morris at 9. This decision was seventeen years before the United States Supreme Court infamously decided Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1856), which upheld the rights of a slave owner to treat a person as property. Similarly, in Clark v. Board of Directors, 24 Iowa 266 (1868), and Coger v. North West. Union Packet Co., 37 Iowa 145 (1873), we struck blows to the concept of segregation long before the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873 (1954). Iowa was also the first state in the nation to admit a woman to the practice of law, doing so in 1869. Admission of Women to the Bar, 1 Chicago Law Times 76, 76 (1887). Her admission occurred three years before the United States Supreme Court affirmed the State of Illinois' decision to deny women admission to the practice of law, see Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130, 139, 21 L. Ed. 442, 445 (1873), and twenty-five years before the United States Supreme Court affirmed the refusal of the Commonwealth of Virginia to admit women into the practice of law, see Ex parte Lockwood, 154 U.S. 116, 118, 14 S. Ct. 1082, 1083, 38 L. Ed. 929, 930 (1894). In each of those instances, our state approached a fork in the road toward fulfillment of our constitution's ideals and reaffirmed the "absolute equality of all" persons before the law as "the very foundation principle of our government." See Coger, 37 Iowa at 153.

by Steve M 2009-04-03 08:33AM | 0 recs
that is one reason

many legal experts predicted in December that this would be the outcome. There were specific Iowa precedents that made the plaintiffs' case stronger here than in New York and some other states that have not allowed gay marriage.

by desmoinesdem 2009-04-03 08:46AM | 0 recs
Re: Iowa Supreme Court strikes down

great news! and as for Iowa not being California, thanks for rubbing it in.

by Todd Beeton 2009-04-03 09:04AM | 0 recs
well, you're way ahead of us

on plenty of other things. Our bill to impose California standards on car emissions couldn't even get out of committee this session in the Iowa legislature.

by desmoinesdem 2009-04-03 10:13AM | 0 recs
Not only gay foks, but their families, too.

Another step in Iowa's longstanding tradition in being ahead of curve on recognizing the common humanity of citizens.

I'm really hoping that my ex-partner and his current partner decide to make the trip up to Iowa when they're ready to get married.  His mom still lives in Ames in the house he grew up, and I am certain that her hope that she would see her son come home to get married died a long time ago.

She's a really great lady, and I know she's not the only parent in Iowa who has had to watch their GLBT children leave Iowa to find a more accepting place to build their lives.  Today is a victory for all of them, as well.

by Dreorg 2009-04-03 11:04AM | 0 recs
Iowa is so much more accepting

than it used to be even 10 to 15 years ago. Some LGBT Iowa natives who left the state as soon as they could when they finished high school have moved back for the same reasons I moved back--low cost of living, decent public schools, affordable housing good place to raise a family.

by desmoinesdem 2009-04-03 12:56PM | 0 recs
You

have done such a great job keeping the country really informed on this issue. If there's a Pultizer for blogging, you deserve it. Thanks.

Charles

by Charles Lemos 2009-04-03 02:34PM | 0 recs
For yellowdem1129

Wait did you say you were against gay rights?

Any particular reason?

Perhaps your against Women's Rights?
Maybe Civil Rights (ie African American's Rights)?
Maybe you'd prefer the US when we were still declaring people as 3/5 a person eh?

Oh wait the courts are so evil I mean the founding fathers of our nation wanted the "mob" to rule which is why we are a Direct Democracy oh wait we aren't, but it seems you would prefer such because that would be best right?

I think you tend to confuse a political issue with a political question. While gay rights may (unfortunately) be a political issue. The issue in front of the court was not one of a political question but rather a legal one. If you even bother to read the decision (which you haven't) then you would realize that decision was based on the Iowa Defense of Marriage Act violating the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution and since the state couldn't provide a reason as to why a distinction based on sexual orientation

Another thing technically Iowa's Supreme Court Justice's are elected through a non-partisan retention system. It has been shown to be the most effective way of retaining a fair and balanced judiciary where many states use a partisan election to elect their judged. The point I'm making is I'm not sure how having "unelected" judges is really a bad thing.

However all of this is addressed in Section III of the Iowa state supreme court and the go to great length to show their jurisdiction in the case and state the justification for why such a case is to be heard from the court. For example they write "the very purpose of limiting the power of the elected branches
of government by constitutional provisions like the Equal Protection Clause
is "to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy,
to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish
them as legal principles to be applied by the courts."

One thing that makes our republican form of government so good is its ability to protect the minority over the majority.

by political22 2009-04-03 08:41PM | 0 recs
One other option for amendment

Apparently the Iowa Constitution requires every ten years for voters to vote on having a Constitutional Convention where you guessed it Constitutional Amendments can be proposed and the voted on by the people without the requirement of the two consecutive assemblies. So when is the next vote on a Constitutional Convention required?

In 2010.

by political22 2009-04-03 08:58PM | 0 recs

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